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¡¡¡¡The two cancer screening system (for cervical cancer and breast cancer) is a health security system that realizes early detection and early diagnosis through systematic examination. Its examination items give consideration to accuracy and universality, with distinctive characteristics, and play a key role in women's health management.
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¡¡¡¡The cervical cancer screening program focuses on a step-by-step screening approach. Firstly, cervical cytology examination (Pap smear or liquid based thin-layer cytology) is performed to collect cervical exfoliated cells. The morphology of the cells is observed under a microscope to determine whether there is an abnormal proliferation or cancer tendency. Liquid based examination preserves the cells more completely, and the detection rate of abnormal cells is increased by more than 20% compared to traditional Pap smear. If abnormalities are found in cytological examination, further HPV (human papillomavirus) testing is required, as over 90% of cervical cancers are associated with persistent infection with high-risk HPV types. Testing can identify virus subtypes (such as HPV16 and 18, which are considered high-risk) and provide a basis for subsequent interventions. For individuals who are HPV positive or have suspicious cytological results, it is necessary to enlarge cervical tissue through colposcopy examination, take biopsy from the suspicious area, and confirm whether there is cancer through pathological diagnosis, forming a three-level screening chain of "cytology/HPV testing - colposcopy - pathology", gradually improving diagnostic accuracy.
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¡¡¡¡Breast cancer screening program combines imaging and clinical examination. The basic project is breast palpation, where doctors use manual examination to check for abnormal signs such as lumps, nipple discharge, and skin depressions in the breast. The operation is simple and non-invasive, suitable for large-scale initial screening. In imaging examination, breast ultrasound is a commonly used method that can clearly display the hierarchy of breast tissue, distinguish cystic and solid masses, and has better sensitivity than mammography for dense breast (common in young women). Women over 40 years old or high-risk groups (such as family history of breast cancer) need additional mammography. Through low-dose X-ray imaging, small calcifications that are difficult to identify by ultrasound (common early manifestations of breast cancer) can be found. The combination of two imaging methods can increase the early detection rate to more than 85%. For suspected cases, breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination is required, which has higher soft tissue resolution and can evaluate the extent of lesions and blood supply, providing reference for biopsy or surgical plans.
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